Heat Stress in Poultry: Physiological Impacts and Nutritional Mitigation Strategies
Introduction Poultry are homeothermic animals with a normal body temperature range of 41–42°C. Under optimal thermal conditions, typically defined as the thermal neutral zone (18–22°C), birds can maintain their core temperature without expending additional energy. However, deviations from this range, particularly during brooding when higher ambient temperatures are necessary, impose significant physiological and behavioural adjustments. […]